Architectural and urban project

RESSOURCES RURALES
An off-the-wall workshop in CLUSES 74

This workshop brings together two studios (S7 and S9) from the same field of study. This approach makes it possible to pool means and resources around an off-site workshop, bringing in a plurality of viewpoints.

PREVIOUS WORK: https://www.calameo.com/accounts/7775670

1.PEDAGOGICAL OBJECTIVES

Context. Faced with today’s ecological, economic and societal changes, rural areas are the focus of tomorrow’s challenges. While the artificialization of agricultural and natural land has continued at a steady pace for several decades, we are paradoxically witnessing the desertification of town centers, a deterioration in the quality of life, and the decline of public services. This dual trend of urban sprawl versus desertification is accompanied by the brutal development of bypass infrastructures and industrial estates, in stark contrast to the patient, reasoned evolution of a human settlement in harmony with its natural resources. At the same time, rising real estate prices in urban centers and a growing awareness of the preciousness of rural areas are foreshadowing a renewed interest in rural communities.
These paradigm shifts in rural areas demonstrate the need for in-depth attention to anticipate short-, medium- and long-term challenges.

Setting the scene. Through a partnership between ENSAPLV and the town of Cluses (74), a 4-day “Atelier Hors les Murs” at the beginning of the semester puts students in direct contact with the players involved (residents, elected representatives, architects and landscape architects, CAUE, ABF).
This year, we propose to study the town of CLUSES. The aim is to freely question pre-existing situations, through a phase of diagnosis and detailed understanding of the existing situation, as well as the formulation of a problematic that will serve as the basis for concrete explorations of projects, developed down to architectural detail.

Restitution and dissemination. At the end of the semester, a jury and a restitution of the work carried out is planned in the form of a publication and a travelling exhibition. This phase of dissemination extends the dialogue initiated and the questions raised, and which we hope will find continuities and bridges with other fields or subsequent developments.

3. EVALUATION METHODS

-The workshop is designed to accommodate a maximum of 40 students. Students must be highly motivated, assiduously committed and predisposed to teamwork (collective coordination and development of projects in pairs or trios). An interest in issues related to working with existing structures, and an ability to produce models, are imperative.
-Participation in the Hors Les Murs workshop is compulsory (accommodation and transport costs will be covered by the School and the town of Cluses) – from OCTOBER 22 to 25, 2025 (to be confirmed).
-Compulsory weekly presentation to the whole studio, with systematic use of physical models and geometric drawings as exploration tools.
-Intermediate juries attended by external speakers (collective workshop discussion).
-Final jury at ENSAPLV in the presence of elected representatives and external speakers

Languages:

-The workshop is held in French, with the possibility of exchange and discussion in English.
-Intermediate proficiency in French is required in order to exchange with elected officials, residents, partners,…

Bibliographic and cartographic resources will be provided in class:
inventory, plans, sections, elevations, 3D of the area, site and buildings.

Today’s cities are increasingly built with a view to conserving and reusing existing buildings, both for cultural reasons of preserving the memory of the place, and for environmental reasons, in a quest for frugality and sustainable development.

This in no way means that the use of existing buildings should not be renewed in a more or less fundamental way, and that they should therefore be modified/complemented by contemporary interventions.

As part of the major Bercy-Charenton urban project, which aims to radically redevelop the heart of an area stretching from the Gare de Lyon to downtown Charenton, the former Bercy – La Rapée refrigeration station, both underground and above ground, and the former power station that served it, represent both a major architectural potential and a central issue in the redevelopment of the site.

Other urban elements in the immediate vicinity – Paris’s former Petite Ceinture and the remains of the Thiers fortification, as well as the Seine and its quays – reinforce the exceptional character of this architectural ensemble.

We therefore propose to work on the rehabilitation/reuse of the former refrigeration station and adjoining buildings, based on a program in which mixed functions will be one of the major objectives: culture, education, work, housing… not forgetting the requalification of the adjoining public and private spaces by integrating ‘renaturation’ issues to promote biodiversity, reduce heat islands and improve water resource management.

A preliminary analysis of the site’s history, geography, urban planning and wider social context will provide a better understanding of the existing context, enabling us to lay the foundations for a program that is consistent with the project’s urban and environmental objectives.

Research, surveys and diagnostics 20%, group sketching 20%, architectural project 60% (the active participation of students and their ability to develop their project will be taken into account).

– The workshop is held in French, with the possibility of discussion in English.

– An intermediate practice

P708
PERSONA GRATA

Sept. 19, 2025 presentation:
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/870pwburil371o9unr115/AG-Ca0lSapFliYHq7SJnnHE?rlkey=2r9d4izdjl0gqemkrnycse09j and dl=0

LANGUAGE OF TEACHING AND COMMUNICATION: FRENCH

Mobile urban interference structures
Design / manufacture

A- Confront a pressing social issue.
Taking the title PERSONA GRATA from the 2019 exhibitions at the MAC VAL (Musée d’art contemporain du Val-de-Marne) and the Musée national de l’histoire de l’immigration, we propose to question the notion of hospitality. However, this question can also be considered in relation to cases other than refugees.

B- Confronting the design of a mobile urban structure of interference generating exchange.
Because hospitality is not limited to meeting bodily needs (eating, sleeping…).

C- Develop a truly ecological approach to the design of a structure by:
– Optimizing the relationship between structure and form => saving materials
– Using natural, renewable materials (bamboo, straw, etc.).
– The use of recycled and reused materials, if possible from local resources (cardboard, plastics, metals, earth, tires, bamboo from Parc de La Villette, etc.).
Other specific materials will be used sparingly.

D- Confronting the manufacturing process

E- Use digital manufacturing tools (not compulsory)

F- Putting these structures into play in urban space and creating a representation of these “actions”.

Continuous assessment + final test

REQUIRED WORK

Teamwork (2 to 4 people) using the usual design tools (conventional drawing, volume models, computer simulations), plus physical models of the structure and the production of a prototype.

Décamper Edition la découverte (at the Ensaplv library)
https://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/catalogue/print.php?ean13=9782707192516

La ville monde by Antares Bassis (at the Ensaplv library)

ALREADY HERE: RESOURCES, TRANSFORMATION, CONSTRUCTION – ‘Better with less’
Maud Saimpert, Joanne Lellouche, Sylvain Ebodé

P704 is part of the “Designing and building for architecture” field of study, and focuses on the fundamental links between environmental, constructive and spatial parameters in the design of an architectural project. We will pay particular attention to the complexities and contradictions of existing elements, in order to create connections between and with them, while delving into questions of materiality, channels and know-how.

Our approach is interdisciplinary, with regular contributions from Sylvain Ebodé, architect and engineer, who teaches at the STA.

Modest and resilient, it revolves around the notion of “frugality in energy, matter and technicality”, in response to the “Manifesto for a happy and creative frugality” and the injunctions of the IPCC, considering that all architecture already built has an interest: to avoid unnecessary “carbon” expenditure induced by demolition, elimination and reconstruction. Over and above the obvious environmental benefits of working on “ordinary” built heritage, this will also give you the opportunity to refine your thinking through concrete exploration of the spatial, constructive, environmental, social and historical aspects of the places in which you’ll be working.

Anne Lacaton: says “Demolition is an easy, short-term decision. It’s a waste of many things – a waste of energy, a waste of material and a waste of history. What’s more, it has a very negative social impact. For us, it’s an act of violence.”

We will take this observation as a starting point to explore the infinite potential for reuse offered by our contemporary worlds, by simultaneously asking ourselves:

-On the one hand, on our ability to reinvent our design processes by accepting the “already there” as a founding element of the project, in situ survey and diagnosis as fellow travelers, and reuse as a common practice. The diagnosis will constitute the first phase of the project, aimed at examining in detail the possibilities for transforming an existing building complex, and the articulation between new and existing (rehabilitation, extension, elevation, partial demolition, construction of independent new buildings).

-And on the other hand, the new aesthetic potential offered by old bio-geosourced materials revisited in the age of industrialization and performance, once their techniques have been mastered. Materiality will become a means of entry into the design process and a support for architectural expression: structure, materials, thickness, implementation and envelope.

Our approach is also rooted in “the realities of the world”. You’ll be working on a project in progress, exploring current (simplified) regulations, and meeting the people involved in the project (owners, users and the project management team).

We would also like to enter this project workshop in the 2025 competition: “Reinventing post-carbon architecture” (no obligation).

Our aim is to help each student develop a reasoned, inventive and personal position. Your presence is therefore essential throughout each session.

Each week (excluding outdoor sessions) you’ll present your work in progress, alternating between collective or individual review, display or workshop work.

A notebook, a research and memory tool for the project process, will accompany you throughout the semester, enabling you to document your progress, your reflections and your project iterations. It will be kept up to date and handed in at the end of the semester, so that you can evaluate your project approach.

A collective workshop notebook will also be kept throughout the semester to capitalize on the knowledge acquired collectively.

Two intermediate milestones/exhibitions and a final rendering will punctuate the semester.

Experimentation with majority voting (students evaluate each other anonymously) will be carried out, in particular around questions of oral presentation and representation.

Here are the main expectations at the end of the semester:

-Understanding of the interplay between program, site and project position; between urban scale and building scale; between “heritage” intervention and new intervention
-Understanding and handling the interaction between volumes, typologies and facades
-Ability to master a complex project as a field of study, reflection and experimentation, articulating several scales and types of built intervention
-Ability to mobilize the knowledge and know-how acquired in the Bachelor’s program (design, representation, reflection) and to articulate them in the management of a project
-Projectual autonomy in construction
-Ability to integrate into the group, to share, to participate in its general progress and cohesion.

– “Cours de relevé d’architecture” R. Danger
– “Le relevé et la représentation de l’architecture” Jean Paul Saint Aubin
– “Bâtir, Habiter, penser”, Martin Heidegger
– “Penser l’architecture” – p. Zumthor
– “Habiter, ville et architecture” Jacques Lucan
– “Vers une architecture” Le Corbusier ( et ses autres ouvrages)
– “Les pierres sauvages” Fernand Pouillon
– “Imaginer l’évidence” – A. Siza ( and other works)
– “L’architecture naturelle” Kenzo Kuma
– “Logements avec architecte” Yves Lion
– “La désobéissance de l’architecte” Renzo Piano
– “Concevoir l’habitat”, Jan Krebs
– “La conception Bioclimatique: des maisons confortables et économes” Jean Pierre Olivia
– “Floorplan manual housing” – ed. Birkhauser
– “Choisir l’habitat partagé” – a. Poullain
– “Voir écrire” – c. De portzamparc et p. Sollers
– “Intranquillité théorique et stratégie du projet” – r. Moneo
– “Vers la sobriété heureuse” – p. Rabhi (and his other works)
– “Attitudes” – N. Michelin (and other works)
– “Faire la ville autrement” interview with Patrick Bouchain and Philippe Chiambaretta
– “Moins avec moins” P. Madec (and other works)
– “Construire l’architecture – du matériau brut à l’édifice – A. Deplazes
– “L’architecture écologique” – D. Gauzin Müller
– “L’habitat social d’aujourd’hui” – D. Gauzin Müller
– “Traité de construction durable” – d. Bernstein
– “La réhabilitation des bâtiments” – p. Joffroy
-Refined earth construction and design with rammed earth” Martin Rauch
-Straw construction” Luc Foissac
-The beauty of the threshold” Philippe Bonnin
-Offices => housing” Atelier Canal (Patrick Rubin)
-Towards sustainable architecture” Glenn Murcutt
-Reversible construction” Patrick Rubin
-Spaces of freedom”, Lecture by Sophie Delhaye
-Pas de deux” season 2022/2023, lecture by Sophie Delhaye and Jacques Lucan
-Building with wood” Thomas Herzog
-Pas de toit sans toi” Patrick Bouchain (and his other works)
-Interview with Patrick Rubin on the reversibility of spaces and know-how”.
-Towards a new vernacular” by Dominique Gauzin Muller
-Une diagonal, conversation with Patrick Bouchain”, Nicolas Delon and Julien Choppin
-Gilles Pérraudin’s lecture on solid stone (Cité de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine)
-Lacaton & Vassal conference: “Living, pleasure and luxury for all”.
-Conference by Jean Marc Weill “Re-use to transform, imprecision as a method”.
-Revue d’A, Séquences bois, EXE, Ecologik
-Conferences on happy and creative frugality and topophilic letters

Deepen project methodology based on a complex technical and architectural program: that of a ship.

Evaluation will be based on each student’s entire production throughout the semester. Final grade 30%.

Here, students will learn about ship architecture from a global perspective, as they develop a project based on a proposed program.

GENERAL THEMATICS: Field CCA – Designing and building architecture
P 710 – Urban projects and European cities: Towards digital and ecological architecture

Following on from the Bachelor’s degree course and the learning of the basics of architectural project design, this Master 1 course – P 710 – introduces students to contemporary issues in the design and construction of today’s architectural projects, following 2 recurring themes:
1. Digital transition 2. The energy transition

Based on previously acquired skills, paper models, volumetry, plans, façade drawings – students will be encouraged to develop their project practice through the use of new manufacturing and assessment tools: from traditional models to digital models. From classical architectural drawing to digital modeling and model evaluation .

The course also aims to introduce students to new design techniques
– Parametric modeling to explore project variations.
– Construction of BIM models for project management
– Production of virtual environments for project presentation.
Technical knowledge of architecture relating to building thermal
and building energy production.

For this P710 project group, links can be established with the SAPI seminar, to initiate research questions on a concrete situation, and more generally with the MAAC laboratory and its teaching staff.

Phase-by-phase reporting according to a schedule communicated by the teaching team, with oral justification and presentation of analysis and design methods, and collective corrections:

Twice-weekly reports in phases, according to progress at the appropriate scales, and publication on a WEB platform

Assessment on 3 levels:
– Design processes and approaches.
– Drawings, modeling, construction and evaluation of the proposed project. – Project representation and argumentation

From classic models to digital models .
From classical architectural drawing to digital modeling and model evaluation .

Based on this principle and on a weekly basis, students will learn new design and representation techniques, and will be expected to account for them in the various stages of the project.
The progress of their project will be published on a WEB platform provided by the teaching team.

The student will be supervised in his training in the tools, but is expected to organize himself to practice the tools on a regular basis from the start of the workshop.

Use of digital design, evaluation and presentation tools: 

Drafting, production of design and digitally fabricated models, model scanning, parametric modeling, BIM modeling, collaboration via digital platforms.

Bibliography provided to students along with a schedule of assignments

According to the 6th IPCC report published in February 2022, sea levels could rise by 60 cm to 1.10 meters by 2100. This rise in sea levels increases the frequency and impact of storms and marine submersions.

Today, 60% of the world’s population lives less than 60km from the shore. In mainland France, which has 5,500 km of coastline, 1 in 8 French people live in a coastal community, i.e. almost 8 million inhabitants. According to INSEE, this figure is set to increase by 50% between now and 2040.
This growing urbanization is reinforcing the artificialization of shorelines, which are increasingly losing their role as a buffer between land and sea.

This contradiction between the attraction of the coastline and the increase in risks can be found all over the world, leading many architects to consider adaptation measures by rethinking the habitability or way of living in coastal areas.

We know that adaptation is most effective when the project process includes the communities concerned and takes into account their socio-cultural values. So the question of adaptation to sea-level rise is not limited to technical measures such as protecting the coastline (dikes, etc.), relocating issues, or building houses on stilts. But it does invite us to THINK ABOUT THE LITTORALS WE WISH TO HAVE IN THE FUTURE.

During this semester, we will be working on a given territory, in exchange with local players. The aim will be to develop project proposals that will enable the area to adapt to natural hazards and move towards sustainable lifestyles.

It’s a forward-looking project we’re working on, but we’re doing it with local partners with whom we’ll be in dialogue throughout the semester. So we’re working on a ‘commission’, which will enable you to understand how the architect must take into consideration short-term demands and problems, but also extract himself from them in order to see further ahead, to shift the gaze to go beyond the case-by-case response and arrive at project proposals that have a generic dimension.

This work is of course based on the intersection of multiple approaches: the question of the identity of a territory and its people, policies to preserve the environment and combat global warming, heritage and conservation issues, as well as technical, geographical, economic and legal approaches. Cross-referencing with your seminar topics is more than welcome to fuel this reflection.

The semester is punctuated by a number of intermediate reports, to which our partners are invited to contribute their insights and specific knowledge on the subjects addressed in your projects. We also invite available seminar teachers to these reports, so that we can cross-fertilize our approaches.
A trip to the site is organized for October 17 and 18, so that we can survey the area to get a first-hand feel for it, collect data and meet our partners and local players.
The work begins with the group working together to draw up intervention strategies. Several project strategies emerge from this collective work.
Each project strategy is handled by a different group of 2 students. Project design begins with work on the architectural scale of a case study, followed by work on the broader scale of the wider landscape.
The end-of-semester report presents the work carried out in terms of strategy and the case study developed.
Assessment includes a grade for the final report and a grade for participation and involvement during the semester (continuous work).

The teaching team is made up of a multidisciplinary team of architects and landscape architects.

The team is made up of the following teachers:
Séverine Roussel, architect MFC TPCAU
Solène Leray, landscape architect specializing in water issues, doctoral student LAVUE – ENSAPLV

Sessions are held weekly (on Fridays) and the workshop is organized in the form of discussion/debate sessions between the students themselves and the teachers, based on your project progress. We’re keen to ensure that the weekly sessions are a time for emulation, exchange and debate, rather than a time for ‘correction’. Specific lesson-type times are scheduled throughout the semester to enable you to go into certain subjects in greater depth.
The workshop is also designed as an introduction to the rendering of architectural competitions. For this reason, emphasis is placed on the coherence between project thinking and project expression, resulting in a project that demonstrates a real capacity for argumentative proposal. The idea is to achieve a convincing expression of the project for an outside audience.

Décamper Edition la découverte (at the Ensaplv library)
https://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/catalogue/print.php?ean13=9782707192516

La ville monde by Antares Bassis (at the Ensaplv library)

This project-based course examines the future of a post-industrial region: the Nord Pas de Calais coalfield. For nearly three decades, this region has struggled to find a new appeal … 

The situation of decline (obsolescence, abandonment, emigration, scarce investment, poverty, etc.) provides an opportunity to reflect on an architect’s posture in the face of an enduring crisis: how to find opportunities in adversity? how to do the most with the least? how not to demolish, but to learn to repair? How to integrate the margins and the excluded?

Faced with this challenge, we propose to build project situations based on what is often ‘invisible’ in urban plans, by initiating a project approach based on extensive fieldwork.

Each student is expected to develop an approach that emphasizes :
– autonomy (ability to articulate and take charge of an urban issue)
– rigor (ability to structure a project approach)
– sharing (ability to make a project readable and convey it).

Although assessment is mainly based on continuous assessment, it also includes the outputs expected at each stage: the project as an approach (75% for continuous assessment) and the project as a response (25% for stage and final reports).

This follow-up requires compulsory attendance at weekly sessions, so as to provide personalized support for the progress of each project and ensure quality at every stage.

HALF-YEARLY PROGRESS
The semester is organized around an intensive session in Lens, at the heart of three events:
1- BEFORE, October: prepare groups for fieldwork and meetings with local players, by learning about the coalfield from existing documentation and producing basic documents for on-site work (mapping, site identification, etc.);
2- DURING, micro-workshop in the coalfield from November 7 to 11, 2025: fieldwork in bi-national groups;
3- ONE AFTER, November to January: developing architectural and urban projects to make the most of the land produced.

PARTNERSHIPS
Meetings with local players will be organized during the first phase of the workshop.
The participation of two Indian colleges of architecture (BVCOA Mumbai and CAT Trivandrum) is scheduled for the intensive session in the coalfield, to initiate work in Franco-Indian groups.

LANGUAGES
The course is taught in French. However, Spanish, English and Italian may be used.

REVUES:
– “Le Bassin minier du Nord-Pas de calais : l’héritage comme ressource”, Revue D’Architecture, issue edited by Catherine BRETRAM, Virginie LAPIERRE, Lucas MONSAINGEON, Catherine SEYLER, n°312, 2023.
– Marion Fontaine, “Visible/invisible”, Techniques et Culture, 65-66 | 2016, 74-91.

VIDEO STUDY DAY:
– Conference at ENSA Paris Belleville in 2023: ‘Le bassin minier, l’héritage comme ressource. Assessment and prospects’.

voir et revoir / le bassin minier

LOCAL PRESS:
– Frédéric Pinchon “Une église à vendre sur Leboncoin!”, in La Voix du Nord, March 2, 2025.
” https://cartedepresse.fr/une-eglise-a-vendre-sur-leboncoin/

The architecture of multi-family housing, residential perspectives

The aim of this project group is to explore the new paradigms that are emerging around the current challenges of housing in France, based on project experiments that, without ignoring the conditions of a globally impoverished and stereotyped production, offer a critique capable of exploring new avenues and formulating hypotheses in line with society’s aspirations and in touch with contemporary urban, environmental and social challenges.
Based on an awareness of the anthropological dimension of inhabited space and of the major modern paradigms of the Habitat confronted with the logics of the urban fabric, this critical and exploratory approach will place the architectural project on housing and the building within the residential issues and development problems of the contemporary city within 3 major expectations:
-The relationship between type, use and program
-The relationship between “building logic” and urban fabric logic
-The relationship between constructive and distributive typology

The teaching day is divided into 2 main periods: “theoretical” time in the morning (lectures, presentations, debates, “major corrections”) and individual corrections in the afternoon.
Project corrections are collective, they constitute teaching, they are open to all, and students must be present throughout the day.
Each sequence is assessed and graded.
Work is carried out individually and in pairs

Assessment criteria: 1-Compliance with teaching, 2- Understanding of the architectural issues involved, 3- Architectural representation, 4- Quality, relevance and coherence of project development.

The subject concerns the apartment block.
It is structured around the study of a corpus relating to the history of modern housing and its underlying themes, on the one hand, and the exploration of new typological issues facing housing architecture in terms of program, use and construction, on the other.
It gives rise to a cumulative approach involving several sequences combining analytical work, short theoretical exercises and long project-based exercises.

SEQUENCE 1 – Preliminary exercise 1 – Domestic space: “Theoretical housing”
Critical and comparative analysis of examples exploring the architectural and programmatic issues of modern and contemporary housing, from which the student proposes a theoretical dwelling offering an “ideal” idea of housing as a program and as a spatial system, followed by a principle of horizontal and vertical assembly of several dwellings, the starting point for work on the apartment block.

SEQUENCE 2 (in pairs) – the urban fabric
Theoretical exercise to investigate residential typologies characteristic of a contemporary metropolitan situation. This situation is likely to be “generic” for the urban fabric of the study area, for which it will first propose a systematic development, followed by a contextualization in the study site. It will question the concrete nature of residential spaces, their distribution and typologies, integrating the forms and conditions of density and mix.

SEQUENCE 3 (individual) – project located – l’Immeuble
Project for a residential complex located on a large plot developing the hypotheses of the previous sequences on a real site characteristic of this metropolitan condition. This work will precisely articulate the scale of the dwelling, the grouping of dwellings and related distribution, the plot and its collective spaces, and the construction, based on a detailed 1/20 study of a significant part of the building.

The students’ work will be finalized at conventional architectural preliminary design scales (1/500 for the urban fabric scale and 1/200 and 1/100, details at 1/50 and 1/20; 3D representations and models, etc.).
The constructive approach will be nurtured by presentations on a body of work featuring different structural typologies, and will be reinforced by the involvement of a teacher from the STA field.

THIS COURSE IS INTENDED FOR STUDENTS WHO HAVE ALREADY EXPERIENCED IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING DESIGN
Individual work
Language of instruction: French

– Navi Radjou, Jaideep Prabhu, Simone Ahuja, L’Innovation jugaad. Let’s become ingenious again, Editions Diateino, 384 p.

The workshop is part of ENSAPLV’s commitment to developing Franco-German exchanges.
For the 2025/2026 academic year, the workshop will be located in Mulhouse, within a Franco-German-Swiss cross-border territory, in collaboration with ENSA Strasbourg and KIT (Karlsruhe).
The pedagogical objective is to develop the knowledge and skills needed to intervene in existing urban fabrics. The aim is to analyze, design and develop a coherent urban project. The workshop builds on the knowledge acquired in the bachelor’s degree, particularly in S6, as part of the introductory course on urban projects.
The workshop combines group and individual work, to enable students to develop their autonomy and their aptitude for collaborative work.

Assessment based on intermediate and final reports.
Intermediate reports: 30% of the final grade.
The final report counts for 70% of the final grade; the minimum grade for the final report is 8.

Workshop work addresses the different scales of urban design: city, neighborhood, block, building… These scales are explored and represented using a wide range of design and representation tools: diagrams, plans, sections, diagrams, models and perspectives. The workshop explores how to better represent environmental issues and approaches, such as water, heat and energy.

Indicated during the first session.