Thematic seminar

This seminar aims to develop research into artistic and architectural practices in situ, upstream of the project. The aim is to study how these spatial practices can affect the way territories are created, and to show how they can give impetus to new spatio-temporal dynamics, helping to transform places and territorial imaginations. By generating new ways of working with space, in situ interventions question the territories of the Third Landscape (G. Clément) and help create new landscapes. They offer new ways of looking at the phenomenology of places, their materiality, their imaginary, their physical or fictitious trans-formation.

Students in this seminar are themselves encouraged to develop a plastic approach to the territory(ies) they choose to study, and to theorize it in the form of an action-creation dissertation.

The dissertation is written primarily on the basis of this plastic and architectural approach to one or more of the areas studied – physical intervention on a scale of 1 and/or filming of urban sites. The dissertation thus comprises: observation of the various contextual aspects of the territory studied; critical reflection on the student’s own creative processes and tools of representation (graphic, filmic, etc.); a narrative on the imaginary worlds generated by the territory(ies) studied.

NB / we accept students on mobility programs

For examples of thesis-action-creation projects:
http://amp.scribnet.org/formations/master/seminaires-de-recherche/article/seminaire-demarches-plastiques-et-territoires-urbains

– continuous assessment (50%) and pre-dissertation (50%)

– Courses, methodological workshops and research follow-up
– production of a plastic work and drafting of a pre-mémoire. Produce an observation and follow-up notebook. Through ongoing practice of space, develop a problematic, hypotheses and research protocol.

Scenography is considered an art of place, in that its vocation is to shape the performance space for a given work. Scenography thus regulates the spectator’s relationship with the work in a certain symbolic context. Today, scenographers are called upon in fields other than theater, such as museums, exhibitions, fashion shows, gardens, architecture and public spaces. Scenography is a tool, in its ability to give form and, above all, space to the imaginary… not through a given and definitively fixed location, but through the shifts that the representation makes from a real location to an imaginary one, and from the imaginary location to the real one.

Courses, conferences, visits and meetings. Dissertation follow-up, Memoir, logbook.

– courses and lectures on:
 ? theatrical scenography
 ? scenic venues, new venues, theatrical architecture
 ? cultural policy
 ? scenography and the visual arts
 ? dance: Tanztheater, hybridization performances, use of video
 ? public art / public commissions
 ? public spaces
 ? museography and exhibition scenography
2- methodological workshop and research follow-up
several lines of research will be proposed to students, this list is not exhaustive and will evolve according to the issues encountered:
 ? scenographic design
 ? places of representation, represented space, representative space
 ? the viewer and the viewed / spectator, actor work
 ? issues of scenography of places linked to places of monstration, museum, exhibition
 ? public art in the city
 ? contemporary creation in its scenographic dimension

How can art and film enrich architectural thinking, while at the same time serving as fundamental critical tools for architectural practice?

Considered as both an aesthetic and a political gesture, cinema enables us to tell the story of spaces, cities and territories, acting as a seismograph of man’s relationship with the places he inhabits or passes through.

This seminar is aimed at students wishing to engage in research into architecture, the city and/or landscape through cinematic reflection and practice. Reflection and practice will be enriched by questions emanating from the visual and narrative arts, as well as from anthropology and philosophy, in relation to architecture.

Continuous assessment and pre-mémoire due at the end of the semester.

Formulation of a research topic and problem, development of a plan and biblio-filmography, film location scouting

At a time when the urgency of climate change is calling out to the social world and becoming a key issue for our territories, all indicators remind us of the extent to which the ongoing process of urbanization is weighing on social and environmental balances, and contributing to the spread of carbon emissions. Against this backdrop, the aim of this seminar is to present an initial overview of the challenges posed by the ecological transition in terms of urban production processes, with a focus on the production of sustainable housing and cities, both from a theoretical and conceptual standpoint, and from the point of view of the practices of stakeholders (professionals, citizens, decision-makers, etc.).
Over and above the thematic approach, the aim throughout this semester is to enable students to define a research topic that they will have to pursue in greater depth during semesters S8 and S9, culminating in the production of their dissertation. This work is built into the progression and duration of the master’s cycle.

Continuous assessment 40%, pre-dissertation 60%.

– Active participation in theory and lectures.
– Creation of reading cards.
– Preparation of a pre-dissertation (definition of subject and issues, working method, bibliography).
– In conjunction with the Initiation to Research [ IR 705 ] course, co-construction of a Primer on Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition.

Timetable: 2h CM + 1h30 methodological workshop and group follow-up

The aim of the seminar is to introduce students to architectural research. The aim is to grasp architecture as a field of knowledge under construction, to experiment with research tools and methods, and to acquire a critical eye. This objective will be applied in a privileged way to housing architecture, by opening the investigation to several scales and disciplinary approaches. Starting from the point of view of design, the research will weave together approaches in order to construct specific problematics and hypotheses for this transdisciplinary object of study, between history, process, spatiality, reception and transformation. The research will thus cross the methods of investigation and analysis of architecture, history and the human sciences to question the architectures of the habitat in a retrospective and prospective way, by questioning both the contemporary stakes and the knowledge and theories built up over time. A kind of “project archaeology”, the research will deconstruct the design process and the multiplicity of parameters that determine it.

Attendance; contribution to discussions; presentations; validation of pre-dissertation stages 40% continuous assessment and 60% final presentation (pre-dissertation).

Language: French

presentations; validation of pre-memoire stages

As part of the “Inhabiting Urban Worlds” field of study, the seminar will examine, from a socio-political and aesthetic perspective, emerging practices (in the fields of architecture and urban planning, as well as art and design in public space) that combine concern for the preservation and restoration of ecosystems with concern for a new ecology of social relations (particularly in urban environments). The approach adopted will be clearly trans-disciplinary, and will endeavor to create links with project teaching.

The seminar will include an introductory course on research and methodology. Students’ active participation in the course (through presentations and intermediate exercises) will be highly valued. At the end of semester 7, students will be required to complete a pre-dissertation.

Acquire the foundations of a landscape culture through the diversity of approaches to landscape and their architectural relevance.
Explore the contributions of landscape thinking to the design and implementation of projects to transform places: architectural projects, urban projects, artistic projects, territorial projects, landscape projects, etc.
Examine the cultural models underpinning contemporary policies of regional planning, “landscaping” and ecological transition.

Active participation in seminar sessions and contribution to discussions based on readings throughout the semester.

The seminar (28 hrs) is organized around papers presented by members of the “Landscape” team and by external guests from the fields of landscape, architecture and the city, as well as from the arts, sciences and literature. It provides a forum for discussion of the fundamentals of landscape design.
Thesis follow-up (21h) is carried out in group sessions, in conjunction with the optional ‘Architecture/S and Landscape/S: Introduction to Research’ course.

A bibliography of references will be distributed during the course.

All of planet Earth’s major systems (water, CO2, biomass and sediment cycles, ecosystems and climates) are changing and shaping a planet without precedent, identified by this new geological era called the Anthropocene.
The history of the planet and living worlds appears to be an unstable construction in which we are involved, particularly as architects, while human construction and the Earth system now form a fragile, interdependent whole.
This context is echoed in an ever-growing number and diversity of architectural products, which are creating a new art of human settlement on the planet.
In the seminar, we therefore posit that architecture is one of the emblematic practices of this anthropocenic context: in charge of human installations, it offers numerous palettes of intervention, with regard to unprecedented ecological, social, political and aesthetic issues.

It is around these new urban and landscape architectural cultures, sensitive as much to objects as to environments, that the seminar unfolds its program and supports students in their personal research.
Both through theoretical investigation and through the study of the current diversity of alternatives, innovations and professional cultures, the aim is to work on the future of urban architecture and regional planning from a perspective of inhabited environments.

The seminar is the setting for your personal research work, which you can build up in several ways
– By studying innovative projects, to better document and understand the contemporary construction of inhabited environments
– By conducting a theoretical investigation based on a notion that you would like to explore in greater depth,

Each subject should be an opportunity to build your research program, to construct your Master’s learning project. The seminar is a place to support you in this process.

Over and above the various presentations and methodological workshops, individualized coaching is seen as the accompaniment of a creative process.
The seminar aims to build a close relationship between theory and practice. It therefore embraces questions of design in order to open up new opportunities for each participant to fortify his or her critical culture and enrich his or her thinking on architecture and his or her own project practice.

The methodological workshop sessions give rise to regular work in the form of workshops
The progressive definition of the individual dissertation is organized both collectively and individually.

This seminar is a place of dual development:
-Collective, that of the construction of an analytical and critical thought of international human spatial productions and their mutations over time.
-Individual: the patient, cumulative workshop of master’s thesis production, based on the reasoned construction of a specific subject and problematic, a referenced corpus, and a posture specific to each student.

CPL / JJ / VL

– Course and reading notes.
– A thematic dossier.

Magistral course in French.
Languages accepted (individual corrections): Spanish, English, Portuguese, Italian, Vietnamese.
Assignments :
– Lecture and reading notes to identify and construct a research object and a personal problematic.
– A Thematic File to prepare the corpus of the individual dissertation.

This seminar initiates the work leading up to the production of a thesis at the end of the Master’s cycle. During the semester, the aim is to help students :
– determine the field of study and nature of the dissertation they will develop
– gather useful “materials” by compiling a bibliography
– identify questions and pose a problematic through the production of a first dissertation model.

Continuous assessment: 50% (seminar participation) – final document assessment: 50%.

At the end of the semester, submit a document containing the work carried out during the semester: title, pre-problematic, annotated bibliography with reading notes, initial iconographic base, initial results of the work (e.g. interview report) and work plan for the following two semesters.

Teaching team 2023-2024:
Pierre Chabard / Sophie Descat / Louis Destombes / Carlo Grispello / Marilena Kourniati

The intense debates that have accompanied the massive mobilization of architecture schools from February 2023 onwards have highlighted the urgency for architects of a set of intertwined issues (environmental, socio-cultural, geopolitical, techno-scientific) that definitively throw a spanner in our theoretical, pedagogical, disciplinary and professional certainties. Based on the premise that no return to the past is possible or desirable, we propose to make the “Critique and Histories of Architecture” seminar a collective and inclusive framework for prolonging reflection, deepening problematics and renewing knowledge, by mobilizing the tools of history; a discipline that Manfredo Tafuri already saw, in his time, as “a perpetual contestation of the present, (…) a threat too, if the present is to be understood as the future”.) a threat, if you like, to the tranquilizing myths that soothe the anxieties and doubts of architects 1″.

(1) Manfredo Tafuri, Théories et Histoire de l’Architecture, Paris: éditions S.A.D.G., 1976 (1968), p.307.

The life of the seminar alternates between several types of sessions: firstly, lectures that feed into the three seminar themes, based on the teachers’ research work; secondly, lectures by outside contributors on specific points and on-site visits, depending on the occasion and the themes covered; thirdly, regular follow-up sessions on dissertations
Nourished by optional introductory teaching on research methods, this first semester of the seminar should lead to the drafting of a detailed research project and bibliography. To this end, the work will focus on exploratory research, the construction of a problematic, the elaboration of a state of knowledge and the choice of a field.

Main publications:
Pierre CAYE, Durer. Éléments pour une transformation du système productif, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2020.
Beatriz COLOMINA, et al (eds.), Radical Pedagogies, Cambridge (MA), MIT Press, 2022.
Philippe DESCOLA, Par-delà nature et culture, Paris, Gallimard, 2005.
Tim INGOLD, Faire: Anthropologie, Archéologie, Art et Architecture, Paris, Dehors, 2017 (1st ed. in English, Routledge, 2013).
Bruno LATOUR, Where to land? Comment s’orienter en politique, Paris, la Découverte, 2017
Jeremy TILL, Architecture Depends, Cambridge (MA), MIT Press, 2009.

For a more detailed bibliography, see the seminar blog:

Protégé : Bibliographie incrémentale

code: indicible

Little thought has been given to how architectural projects are produced and evaluated. Today, this questioning cannot do without examining the primary instrument of design: the brain. But the brain does not function in isolation, floating in an ether of ideas. It is embodied in a body and integrated into an environment. It reaches out to the outside world through mediating instruments. Traditional tools (paper, pencil, tee, square, compass, etc.) and digital tools (computer, screen, keyboard, mouse, etc.) support a wide range of supports and catalysts for project thinking: the oldest, such as sketches, geometrics, descriptions, vocabularies and physical models, but also the most modern, such as digital models, algorithmic processes, multi-agent systems, shape grammars and artificial intelligence.

It is this embodied and instrumented conception of the project that the seminar ‘Savoirs des Activités de Projet Instrumentées’ (formerly Design Activities and Instrumentation) proposes to explore with students over three semesters. The seminar’s research focus, which could be described as metacognitive, cuts across a number of themes: constructive thinking, tectonics, ecology, the digital, materials, perception, emotions, empathy… 

Assessment of the dissertation’s problem statement, giving an account of the scientific questioning, bibliographical study and research methodology envisaged.

Readings in popular science, followed by readings of scientific articles. If necessary, creation of a corpus. Drafting of a problem statement and research schedule.

The aim of the ‘History and Practices of Building Transformation’ seminar is to develop, through the production of a dissertation, a reflection based on the specific tools of historical research, in the fields of architecture, cities, territories, techniques and heritage. The aim is to shed light on how decisions are made, the players involved, the terms and conditions of debate, the values called upon, how the policies adopted are applied and implemented, and the concrete practices involved in transforming buildings.

The dissertation must demonstrate mastery of research methods: definition of an original subject, clearly defined in terms of issues and chronological and geographical boundaries; production of a state of the art; presentation of the sources used; creation and implementation of
research tools specific to the subject studied (databases, maps); development of a problematized plan, writing of a scientific text.

While topics can cover any geographical area and any period, including the most contemporary, the sources to be mobilized, whether written (archives, journals, publications) or oral (interviews), must be clearly defined, located and accessible during these three
semesters.

Regular presentation of dissertations and other seminar assignments throughout the three semesters.

For mobile students:
The work to be submitted is the same as for other seminar students, but monitoring is done on an individual basis, via videoconference appointments.

This seminar focuses on the architectures of collective life: from built heritage to territory, from urban fragment to public space. Based on historical and contemporary cases of varying scales, and on built and unbuilt projects, the aim is to make visible uses, spatial arrangements, types and transformations, with regard to issues of sharing, neighborliness and coexistence, which intrinsically link society and the environment.
Tools for territorial, typological, morphological and structural analysis, as well as a range of theoretical texts and documentary resources, are used to characterize these collective architectures as singular or serial objects. The production of original drawings is combined with reasoned reflection and investigation to produce a truly architectural research project.

– Registration: julien.joly@paris-lavillette.archi.fr // anne.portnoi@paris-lavillette.archi.fr // catherinedeschamps45@yahoo.fr

Attendance; contribution to discussions; reading sheets; validation of pre-dissertation stages 40% continuous assessment and 60% final report (pre-dissertation).

Angélil Marc and Malterre-Barthes Charlotte, 2022, Immigration et ségrégation spatiale. L’exemple de Marseille, Parenthèses.
BARTHES Roland, 2002, Comment vivre ensemble : simulations romanesques de quelques espaces quotidiens : notes de cours et de séminaires au Collège de France,1976-1977, Paris, Seuil.
BAXANDALL Michael 2000 Formes De L’intention: Sur L’explication Historique Des Tableaux. Nîmes: J. Chambon.
BOUCHERON Patrick, 2018, “Ecrire l’histoire des futurs du pass”, in, Boucheron and Hartog, L’Histoire à venir, Toulouse, Editions Anacharsis
Bourdon Valentin, 2021, Les occurrences du commun: vers de nouvelles homogénéités urbaines, Geneva, MētisPresses.
Brundtland Gro, 2017, Our Common Future, Macat Library.
BURGEL Guy, 2012. La Ville Contemporaine Après 1945: Histoire De L’europe Urbaine 6. Paris: Seuil.
CHARVADES Benjamin, DUFIEUX Philippe, MULLER François-Frédéric, 2017, “Les enjeux théoriques de la réhabilitation” Proceedings of the 3rd seminar of the Réseau Architecture Patrimoine et Création. Lyon: Presses architecturales de Lyon.
Chermayeff Serge, ALEXANDER Christopher, 1963, Community and Privacy: Toward a New Architecture of Humanism. 1. ed. Garden City N.Y: Doubleday.
Collective, 2021, Communities at Work: exhibition, Venice, French Pavilion of the 17th International Architecture Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia, May 22 to November 21, 2021, Paris: Dominique Carré.
Cupers Kenny, 2016, “Mapping and Making Community in the Postwar European City”, Journal of Urban History, vol. 42, n° 6 : 1009-1028.
Cupers Kenny, 2018, La banlieue, un projet social, Editions Parenthèses.
Dardot Pierre, 2014, Commun: essai sur la révolution au XXIe siècle, Paris, la Découverte.
DUBY Georges. 1980-1985. Histoire De La France Urbaine. Paris: Seuil.
FREDET Jacques, 2018, Architecture: Mettre en forme et composer. Paris: Editions de la Villette.
FREDET Jacques, 2020. Types Courants De L’architecture Mineure Parisienne. Paris: Editions de la Villette.
GAUTHIEZ, Bernard, 2003 Espace urbain: vocabulaire et morphologie. Paris: Monum, Editions du patrimoine.
Glendinning Miles and Muthesius Stefan, 1994, Tower block: modern public housing in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, New Haven, Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press.
GRAF Franz, 2014 Histoire matérielle du bâti et projet de sauvegarde devenir de l’architecture moderne et contemporaine. Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes
GRAF Franz, DELEMONTEY Yvan, 2020, Histoire et Sauvegarde de l’architecture Industrialisée et Préfabriquée au XXe Siècle. Lausanne: EPFL Press.
GRAF Franz, MARINO Giulia, 2016, Les dispositifs du confort dans l’architecture du XXe Siècle : Connaissance et stratégies de sauvegarde. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes.
Habraken N. J., 1999, Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing, 2nd editionUrban International Press.
ifa e.V., Stuttgart, 2018, An atlas of commoning: places of collective production, Berlin, ARCH+ Verlag.
Jeudy Henri-Pierre, 2007, L’Absence d’intimité: Sociologie des choses intimes, Belval, Circé.
Leach Neil, 2003, “Belonging”, AA Files, no. 49: 76-82.
Lenel Emmanuelle, [n.d.], “Une architecture communautaire contemporaine : idéologie, spatialité et appropriations du modèle du cohabitat”, SociologieS.
Lewis Michael J., 2016, City of Refuge: separatists and utopian town planning, Princeton (N.J.), Princeton University Press.
LUSSAULT, Michel, LEVY Jacques, 2013, Dictionnaire de la géographie et de l’espace des sociétés. Paris: Belin
Magnaghi Alberto, 2003, Le projet local, Sprimont (Belgique), Mardaga.
MALVERTI, Xavier and PINON Pierre (dir.), 1997, La ville réguliére. Modele et tracés, Paris: Picard
MANGIN David and PANERAI Philippe,1999. Projet Urbain. Marseille: Parenthèses.
MAZZONI Cristiana. 2013, La Tendenza: Une Avant-Garde Italienne 1950-1980. Marseille: Éd. Parenthèses.
MORDILLAT Gérard and CLERC Christophe, 2022, “Le monde et sa propriété (4/4) – Posséder la Terre”, Arte documentary.
PANERAI Philippe, 2008. Paris Métropole: Formes et Échelles du Grand-Paris. Paris: Villette.
PANERAI Philippe, DEMORGON Marcelle and DEPAULE Jean-Charles 2018. Urban Analysis. [New edition 2018] ed. Marseille: Editions Parenthèses.
Ring Kristien, 2013, Selfmade City: Berlin : Stadtgestaltung und Wohnprojekte in Eigeninitiative = Self-initiated urban living and architectural interventions, 2. AuflageBerlin, Jovis.
ROULEAU Bernard, 1985. Villages Et Faubourgs De L’ancien Paris: Histoire D’un Espace Urbain. Paris: Éd. du Seuil.
Russell Bertrand, 2002, In Praise of Idleness, Paris, Allia.
Scanlon Kath and Arrigoitia Melissa Fernández, 2015, “Development of new cohousing: lessons from a London scheme for the over-50s”, Urban Research and Practice, vol. 8, no. 1: 106-121.
Schmid Susanne, 2019, A History of Collective Living: Models of Shared Living, De Gruyter.
STERN Robert FISHMAN A. M. David, TILOVE Jacob 2013. Paradise Planned: The Garden Suburb and the Modern City. New York: Monacelli Press.
Taricat Jean, 2013, Suburbia: a liberal utopia, Paris, Édition de la Villette.
Testart Alain, 2003, “Propriété et non-propriété de la terre: L’illusion de la propriété collective archaïque (1re partie)”, Études rurales, n° 165/166 : 209-242.
Tönnies Ferdinand, Mesure Sylvie, and Bond Niall, 2010, Communauté et société, Paris, Presses universitaires de France.
TOPALOV Christian. 2010. L’aventure Des Mots De La Ville. Paris: R. Laffont.
TSIOMIS Yannis, SECCHI Bernardo, 2008. Matières De Ville: Projet Urbain et enseignement. Paris: Éditions de la Villette.
Young Michael Dunlop and Willmott Peter, 2011, Family and kinship in East London, London, Routledge.
ZELLER Olivier and PINOL Jean-Luc. 2012. Histoire De L’europe Urbaine. 3 La Ville Moderne Xvie-Xviiie Siècle. [Paris: Éditions Points.

With an international dimension and an open vision of the notion of heritage, this seminar questions the policies and mechanisms of protection and conservation, as well as the logics of consumption or reuse of cultural heritage, whether tangible, intangible or dematerialized, protected or unprotected. It thus stands at the crossroads of the architectural, social, environmental, political and normative issues involved in heritage production. From this perspective, it raises the question of temporal reconfigurations, social productions and appropriations of built heritage, with a particular focus on the expertise, competence and legitimacy of heritage “makers”, with a particular interest in mediation, experimentation and heritage awareness-raising. This seminar aims to become a privileged framework for analyzing the spatial effects of financing mechanisms that complement ministerial policies (such as the Loto du patrimoine or participatory financing), with a particular focus on rural areas or areas in decline. These rural areas, which are often the focus of competitive tourism and revitalization initiatives, as well as cultural and natural landscapes, small and medium-sized towns and urban renewal districts, will all be at the heart of our research. Last but not least, this seminar will address the growing importance of innovation in heritage science, not only in terms of participatory and inclusive approaches, but also in terms of virtual reality, geolocation, social networks and so on.

The teaching team – made up mainly of teacher-researchers from the Espace Travail Laboratory of the UMR CNRS Lavue – and guests will present case studies from France and abroad: Italy, Romania, China, Japan, Nepal, the United States… 

Assessment is based on a number of intermediate exercises and regular monitoring of work on the dissertation. Attendance and participation are taken into account in grading. Validation is required for the pre-dissertation, the interim dissertation (poster and defense) and the final dissertation (poster and defense).

Reading exercises and critical analysis of texts suggested by teachers.

BENHAMOU F., Economie du patrimoine culturel, Paris, ed. La Découverte, 2012.
FLICHY P., Le Sacre de l’amateur, Sociologie des passions ordinaires à l’ère numérique, Seuil, coll. “La République des idées”, 2010.
FLON É., Les Mises en scène du patrimoine : Savoir, fiction et médiation, Paris, Hermès Sciences-Lavoisier, 2012.
GRAVARI-BARBAS M. (dir.), Atelier de réflexion prospective ” Nouveaux défis pour le patrimoine culturel “, état de l’art, consortium PA.TER.MONDI, Paris: EIREST, Université Paris 1, Agence nationale de la recherche, 2014a.
GRAVARI-BARBAS M. (dir.), Atelier de réflexion prospective ” Nouveaux défis pour le patrimoine culturel “, rapport final, synthèse des travaux du consortium PA.TER.MONDI, Paris: EIREST, Université Paris 1, Agence nationale de la recherche, 2014b.
GRAVARI-BARBAS M. (dir.), Habiter le patrimoine. Enjeux, approches, vécu, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2005.
HEINICH N., La Fabrique du patrimoine. De la cathédrale à la petite cuillère, Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, coll. “Ethnologie de la France”, 2009a.
IOSA I., ” Ecueils du patrimoine affranchi du territoire à l’heure du numérique : limites d’une gestion managériale et dématérialisée de châteaux en ruine “, Territoire en Mouvement, 53-54/2002, https://journals.openedition.org/tem/9218
IOSA I., ” Le Patrimoine à l’encan “, Métropolitiques, le 13/09/2018, https://www.metropolitiques.eu/Le-patrimoine-a-l-encan.html
MERCKLE P., Sociologie des réseaux sociaux, La Découverte, coll. ” Sociologie “, 2011.
PINSON G., La Ville néolibérale, PUF, coll. “Sociologie et Sciences de l’éducation”, 2020.